That same year he met and married Evelyn Ntoko Mase. He attended South African Native College (later the University of Fort Hare) and studied law at the University of the Witwatersrand; he later passed the qualification exam to become a lawyer. [106], In April 1959, Africanists dissatisfied with the ANC's united front approach founded the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC); Mandela disagreed with the PAC's racially exclusionary views, describing them as "immature" and "naïve". [62], In July 1947, Mandela rushed Lembede, who was ill, to hospital, where he died; he was succeeded as ANCYL president by the more moderate Peter Mda, who agreed to co-operate with communists and non-blacks, appointing Mandela ANCYL secretary. Photograph: Ulli Michel/Reuters/Corbis. Mandela and de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1993 for their efforts. 1990); In His Own Words (2003); and Long Walk to Freedom (1994), which chronicles his early life and years in prison. [398] This decision was in part influenced by the fall of the socialist states in the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc during the early 1990s. [191], Recovering from tuberculosis exacerbated by the damp conditions in his cell,[192] in December 1988, Mandela was moved to Victor Verster Prison near Paarl. Mandela subsequently held other ANC leadership positions, through which he helped revitalize the organization and oppose the apartheid policies of the ruling National Party. [261] Emphasising personal forgiveness and reconciliation, he announced that "courageous people do not fear forgiving, for the sake of peace. Nelson Mandela is known for several things, but perhaps he is best known for successfully leading the resistance to South Africa’s policy of apartheid in the 20th century, during which he was infamously incarcerated at Robben Island Prison (1964–82). [124], The ANC decided to send Mandela as a delegate to the February 1962 meeting of the Pan-African Freedom Movement for East, Central and Southern Africa (PAFMECSA) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. [15] Both his parents were illiterate, but being a devout Christian, his mother sent him to a local Methodist school when he was about seven. When you use them you should know what you are saying and why. [8], Nelson Mandela's father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa Mandela (1880–1928), was a local chief and councillor to the monarch; he was appointed to the position in 1915, after his predecessor was accused of corruption by a governing white magistrate. [23] Aged 16, he, Justice and several other boys travelled to Tyhalarha to undergo the ulwaluko circumcision ritual that symbolically marked their transition from boys to men; afterwards he was given the name Dalibunga. [6] One of Ngubengcuka's sons, named Mandela, was Nelson's grandfather and the source of his surname. [419] He was known for his ability to find common ground with very different communities. [405][406], For political scientists Betty Glad and Robert Blanton, Mandela was an "exceptionally intelligent, shrewd, and loyal leader". [413] Renowned for his mischievous sense of humour,[414] he was known for being both stubborn and loyal,[415] and at times exhibited a quick temper. vragen 2.wie is Nelson Mandela ? Although Africanists opposed his candidacy, Mandela was elected to be regional president in October. Nelson Mandela He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. Winnie Madikizela-Mandela OLS MP (born Nomzamo Winifred Zanyiwe Madikizela; 26 September 1936 – 2 April 2018), also known as Winnie Mandela, was ed. [127] After the symposium, he travelled to Cairo, Egypt, admiring the political reforms of President Gamal Abdel Nasser, and then went to Tunis, Tunisia, where President Habib Bourguiba gave him £5,000 for weaponry. [174] Despite increasing foreign pressure, the government refused, relying on its Cold War allies US President Ronald Reagan and UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher; both considered Mandela's ANC a terrorist organisation sympathetic to communism, and supported its suppression. [44] To continue his higher education, Mandela signed up to a University of South Africa correspondence course, working on his bachelor's degree at night. [162] In 1970, Commander Piet Badenhorst became commanding officer. "[447] He is often cited alongside Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr. as one of the 20th century's exemplary anti-racist and anti-colonial leaders. [265] Among the latter was his estranged wife, Winnie, who accused the ANC of being more interested in appeasing the white community than in helping the black majority. "[183][184], In 1985, Mandela underwent surgery on an enlarged prostate gland, before being given new solitary quarters on the ground floor. [117] Most early MK members were white communists who were able to conceal Mandela in their homes; after hiding in communist Wolfie Kodesh's flat in Berea, Mandela moved to the communist-owned Liliesleaf Farm in Rivonia, there joined by Raymond Mhlaba, Slovo, and Bernstein, who put together the MK constitution. [75] Influenced by friends like Moses Kotane and by the Soviet Union's support for wars of national liberation, his mistrust of communism broke down and he began reading literature by Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, and Mao Zedong, eventually embracing the Marxist philosophy of dialectical materialism. Mandela's primary school was a local missionary school where he became known as Nelson. Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in the village of Mvezo in Umtata, then part of South Africa's Cape Province. Influenced by Marxism, he secretly joined the banned South African Communist Party (SACP). [313] The following day, he held a grand party with many foreign dignitaries. [206], Mandela proceeded on an African tour, meeting supporters and politicians in Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Libya and Algeria, and continuing to Sweden, where he was reunited with Tambo, and London, where he appeared at the Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa concert at Wembley Stadium. [211] He spent much time trying to unify and build the ANC, appearing at a Johannesburg conference in December attended by 1600 delegates, many of whom found him more moderate than expected. [467] He was appointed to the Order of Isabella the Catholic[473] and the Order of Canada,[474] and was the first living person to be made an honorary Canadian citizen. [155] Various official visitors met with Mandela, most significantly the liberal parliamentary representative Helen Suzman of the Progressive Party, who championed Mandela's cause outside of prison. [185] He was met by "seven eminent persons", an international delegation sent to negotiate a settlement, but Botha's government refused to co-operate, calling a state of emergency in June and initiating a police crackdown on unrest. The only African-run law firm in the country, it was popular with aggrieved blacks, often dealing with cases of police brutality. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia On 5 December 2013, Nelson Mandela, the first President of South Africa to be elected in a fully representative democratic election, as well as the country's first black head of state, died at the age of 95 after suffering from a prolonged respiratory infection. He studied law at the University of Fort Hare and the University of Witwatersrand before working as a lawyer in Johannesburg. Nelson Mandela in prison on Robben Island, off Cape Town. [59] Their first child, Madiba "Thembi" Thembekile, was born in February 1945; a daughter, Makaziwe, was born in 1947 but died of meningitis nine months later.